Poll: If these former Presidents were on the ballot in 2008, who would you vote for?

The poll for the question "If these former Presidents were on the ballot in 2008, who would you vote for?" has closed. FDR won with 30% followed by President Lincoln with 23%. Ronald Reagan polled 20% while Teddy Roosevelt got 13% and George Washington got 11%.

This was a very close poll. I guess since no one got over 50% we should have a run off between Lincoln and FDR to see who would win? Thanks to all who voted.

Was Grant a Drunk?

Edward Longacre asks this question in his article on Grant. He writes:
That Grant drank occasionally while on duty is a matter of record, as is the fact that on more than a few occasions he drank until intoxicated, stuporous, and violently ill. More difficult to gauge is whether this habit hampered his ability to command or (as some observers contend) propelled him toward military success even as it marked him as a failure in civilian life.

He goes on to assess the type of Grant’s drinking:
Grant did not fit the stereotype of the falling-down drunk. He drank at irregular intervals, in varying quantities, and with differing results. At times he imbibed moderately, with little or no noticeable effect, and he was capable of refusing a drink, explaining that alcohol brought him nothing but trouble. Even so, he was, in the clinical sense of the term, an alcoholic. On more than a few occasions he drank long and hard, unable to stop short of unconsciousness or some form of intervention -- the outbreak of attention-demanding military operations, or the ability of relatives or staff officers to limit his access to liquor.

Longacre says that Grant’s drinking actually resembles binge drinking. He also appeared to be able to control it at times:
Although historians continue to debate the extent and the effectiveness of his efforts, Grant’s adjutant general, John A. Rawlins, a zealous cold-water man from Grant’s home state of Illinois, strove to cover up his boss’s indiscretions and swear him to abstinence. Grant appears to have given in to his urge to imbibe only on those occasions when Rawlins was not on hand to ensure his sobriety. Nor did Grant drink when Julia and the children visited him in the field, rescuing him from lassitude and loneliness.

His final conclusion was that alcohol didn’t detract from Grant’s Civil War performance:
Given the high visibility his position attracted after 1861, Grant’s dependence on alcohol might well have threatened his continuance in command. Instead, through a combination of factors -- his determination to abstain when military operations were in progress; a moral strength based on religious values that has escaped the notice of many historians; and the support of relatives, subordinates, and political backers, chief among them Abraham Lincoln -- Grant persevered to play a critical role in ending America’s costliest war and restoring the Republic.

Theodore Roosevelt: The Plunger

When I taught fifth grade history, students and I made the mad dash for our April finish line covering Reconstruction and ending with the present day. Sometimes I miss teaching such great events as World War I, the Depression Era, and World War II.

When we reached the point where President McKinley is assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt rises to power I share the picture I used several days ago for a wordless image….the one where a very young Roosevelt witnessed the Lincoln funeral procession as it moved through New York City. I also share with students Roosevelt's Georgia roots.

However, students in my fifth grade classroom didn’t meet President Roosevelt for the first time following the McKinley assassination. They met him head on during the Spanish American War. At that time I began my lesson with a plunger. Yes, a real honest-to-goodness, plumber with his pants ridin’ low, plunger. I would ask students to identify what I was holding in my hand and most of them could tell me it was a plunger. They could also tell me some fairly colorful stories regarding how and why a plunger had been used at their house. At any rate I used the plunger to illustrate Theodore Roosevelt’s character.

He always plunged in head on. I enjoyed teaching about Roosevelt because his contribution to our historical events held the interest of students and motivated them to learn further on their own. Theodore Roosevelt had a larger than life personality, larger than life presidency, and a larger than life career outside of the White House.

David C. Whitney in his book American President said, “He did not wait for history to make him great, but plunged ahead doing what he felt was right for the nation and the world.” While it is true that we can sit back now and make judgements regarding Roosevelt’s actions you cannot deny that he didn’t shrink back or second guess himself….he simply plunged ahead.

Following his inauguration President Roosevelt was very interested in improving life for all Americans. He said, “This country will not be a good place for any of us to live in unless we make it a good place for all of us to live in.”

As president Roosevelt made various diverse appointments in order to reflect the mixture of races, religions, and nationalities in the United States. Catholics, Southern white Democrats, Jews, and Negro Southern Republicans were appointed to various offices.

In October, 1901, one month after being sworn in President Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to meet with him at the White House. President Roosevelt greatly admired Booker T. Washington, author of the popular book Up From Slavery which told of his rise from a nine-year-old slave to a great teacher and founder of the first Negro college for teachers. Washington had done what few Negroes had done by 1901, and he was just one of many writers that Roosevelt invited to the White House because he found them so interesting.

The main reason for the meeting with Booker T. Washington was President Roosevelt wanted to gather data regarding upcoming appointments he wished to make involving Negroes. Their discussion ran long and President Roosevelt invited Mr. Washington to break bread with him so that they could continue their discussion.

In 1901 it was one thing to invite Booker T. Washington to the White House and meet with him. It was an entirely different matter altogether to actually have him to dine in the White House. Southern newspapers went wild with accusations. They accused Roosevelt of planning to place Negroes in control of Southern whites dredging up memories of Reconstruction. Other papers condemed the dinner stating that Roosevelt was simply fishing for black votes. The Memphis Scrimitar said Roosevelt committed “the most damnable outrage ever perpetrated by any citizen of the United States when he invited a n…. to dine with him at the White House." There was even a division of opinion in the North regarding the propriety of the President’s actions, however it was not as rabid as the Southern response. The image posted above is actually a political cartoon that was published at the time.

President Roosevelt did not respond publically to the firestorm of criticism, however, he was very surprised by the reaction in that his invitation to dinner was totally unpremeditated. In a letter to Albion W. Tourgee dated November 8, 1901 President Roosevelt stated "...and the very fact that I had a moments qualm on inviting him because of his color made me ashamed of myself and made me hasten to send the invitation….I have not been able to think out any solution of the terrible problem offered by the presence of the Negro on this continent, but of one thing I am sure, and that is that inasmuch as he is here and can neither be killed nor driven away, the only wise and honorable, and Christian thing to do is treat each white man and each black man strictly on his merits as a man giving him no more and no less than he shows himself worthy to have."

President Roosevelt got the message loud and clear from his mother’s beloved homeland and he never repeated the error again during his time in office not wanting to offend half of the voting population in the United States. He also wrote “I do not intend to offend the prejudices of anyone else, but neither do I intend to allow their prejudices to make me false to my prejudices.”

One of the things I find so interesting about this entire interlude during Roosevelt presidency is the fact that Reconstruction had been over for approximately twenty-four years. This amount of time to my particular students seems like eons since they are only ten years old. Even though I attempt to show students the failures of Reconstruction----it was not a true time of creating bridges between the races in the South---- most don’t understand it at the time. Most believe the war was over, the slaves were free, Reconstruction occurred, and when the Federal soldiers went home in 1877 all was well. Seems like after twenty-four years people could forgive and forget, huh? Students see in this sliver of President Roosevelt’s term in office that Southerners weren’t so easy to forgive and forget. Unerstanding this helps them later to understand that Civil Rights was not merely a thing of the 1960s involving Dr. King, but had real roots leading back in time.

I also find this time period in Roosevelt’s presidency interesting because he faced his Southern roots dead on and unfortunately there isn’t much in the several tomes on his life about the influence the South had on his formative years even though they are all several inches thick. One story I did run across told about a man approaching Roosevelt while he was still in college in order to return to him property of the Bulloch family that had been taken by Union officers as they camped in and around Bulloch Hall.

President Roosevelt visited a few Southern cities in October, 1904, three years after the Booker T. Washington dinner. He made the trek to his maternal family’s home in Roswell, Georgia. Due to his background it is fitting that he was the first sitting United States president to visit the South since the end of the War Between the States besides President Lincoln’s trip to Richmond, Virginia a few days after the surrender.

At Bulloch Hall he spoke as follows:

"It has been my very great good fortune to have the right to claim my blood is half Southern and half Northern, and I would deny the right of any man here to feel a greater pride in the deeds of every Southerner than I feel. Of all the children, the brothers and sisters of my mother who were born and brought up in that house on the hill there, my two uncles afterward entered the Confederate service and served with the Confederate Navy.

"One, the younger man, served on the Alabama as the youngest officer aboard her. He was captain of one of her broadside 32-pounders in her final fight, and when at the very end the Alabama was sinking and the Kearsarge passed under her stern and came up along the side that had not been engaged hitherto, my uncle, Irvine Bulloch, shifted his gun from one side to the other and fired the two last shots fired from the Alabama. James Dunwoody Bulloch was an admiral in the Confederate service. ...

"Men and women, don't you think I have the ancestral right to claim a proud kinship with those who showed their devotion to duty as they saw the duty, whether they wore the grey or whether they wore the blue? All Americans who are worthy the name feel an equal pride in the valor of those who fought on one side or the other, provided only that each did with all his strength and soul and mind his duty as it was given to him to see his duty."

The picture above was taken on the steps of Bulloch Hall during Roosevelt's visit and was published in the local paper.

Invaribly every year I’ll have several students ask me about honoring Confederate dead and recognizing ancestors that may have fought for the South. Are they and their families wrong to do this? Should it be done at all? First of all I tell them it’s not up to me, and my opinion doesn’t matter. These are decisions for their family to make. Then I like to share with them President Roosevelt’s speech to show how he reconciled his own southern roots.

Sources: The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (Morris), Theodore Rex (Morris), Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (Miller), The Last Romantic (Brands), The Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (Jeffers), The Lion’s Pride (Renehan), The Roosevelt Women (Caroli)

Air Force One

The Reagan Library has Air Force One on display so you can tour it (the one retired in 1998, not the current one), because, "Upon leaving office, President Reagan stated that one day he hoped he would be able to share Air Force One with the American people by placing it at his Presidential Library."

The site gives some facts on the plane, like usage stats for each president who used it:

Nixon: 30 missions, 104,925 miles, 213 hours, 140 sorties

Ford: 55 missions, 177,452 miles, 372 hours, 205 sorties

Carter: 86 missions, 284,009 miles, 545 hours, 312 sorties

Reagan: 211 missions, 631,640 miles, 1288 hours, 580 sorties

H.W. Bush: 57 missions, 110,823 miles, 362 hours, 190 sorties

Clinton: 5 missions, 5,247 miles, 11 hours, 11 sorties

W. Bush: 1 mission, 334 miles, 1.9 hours, 2 sorties